Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.

Anis N. Nordin received her D.Sc. in computer engineering from George Washington University in 2008. She is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Her main research interests are in the areas of biosensors, lab-on-chip devices, Analog VLSI, RF-MEMS, surface acoustic wave resonators, and oscillators in particular. She is currently a visiting scholar at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Center, Linköping University, Sweden.

This cutting-edge book focuses on the emerging area of biomaterials and biodevices that incorporate therapeutic agents, molecular targeting, and diagnostic imaging capabilities
The design and development of biomaterials play a significant role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. When used with highly selective and sensitive biomaterials, cutting-edge biodevices can allow the rapid and accurate diagnosis of disease, creating a platform for research and development, especially in the field of treatment for prognosis and detection of diseases in the early stage. This book emphasizes the emerging area of biomaterials and biodevices that incorporate therapeutic agents, molecular targeting, and diagnostic imaging capabilities.
The 15 comprehensive chapters written by leading experts cover such topics as:
* The use of severe plastic deformation technique to enhance the properties of nanostructured metals
* Descriptions of the different polymers for use in controlled drug release
* Chitin and chitosan as renewable healthcare biopolymers for biomedical applications
* Innovated devices such as "label-free biochips" and polymer MEMS
* Molecular imprinting and nanotechnology
* Prussian Blue biosensing applications
* The evaluation of different types of biosensors in terms of their cost effectiveness, selectivity, and sensitivity
* Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanocarriers for malignancy therapeutics

Preface xv
Part 1: Cutting-edge Biomaterials 1
Frontiers for Bulk Nanostructured Metals in Biomedical Applications 3
T.C. Lowe and R.Z. Valiev
1.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Metals 3
1.2 Nanostructured Metals as Biomaterials for Medical Applications 10
1.3 Summary and Conclusions 29
Acknowledgment 30
References 30
2 Stimuli-responsive Materials Used as Medical Devices in Loading and Releasing of Drugs 53
H. Iván Meléndez-Ortiz and Emilio Bucio
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Classification of Materials for Bioapplications 55
2.3 Responsive Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery 56
2.4 Types of Medical Devices 60
2.5 Materials Used in Medical Devices 62
2.6 Stimuli-responsive Polymers Used in Medical Devices 65
2.7 Infections Associated with Medical Devices 68
Acknowledgements 72
References 73
3 Recent Advances with Liposomes as Drug Carriers 79
Shravan Kumar Sriraman and Vladimir P. Torchilin
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Passive Targeting of Liposomes 83
3.3 Actively Targeted Liposomes 88
3.4 Multifunctional Liposomes 95
3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 98
References 101
4 Fabrication, Properties of Nanoshells with Controllable Surface Charge and its Applications 121
Parul Khurana, Sheenam Thatai and Dinesh Kumar
4.1 What is Nanotechnology? 122
4.2 Nanomaterials and Their Uses 122
4.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 124
4.4 Nanoparticles 126
4.5 Nanocomposites Material 128
4.6 Spherical Silica Particles 129
4.7 Silver Nanoparticles 132
4.8 Gold Nanoparticles 134
4.9 SiO2@Ag and SiO2@Au Core-shell Nanocomposites 137
4.10 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering 139
4.11 Conclusions 141
Acknowledgements 141
References 141
5 Chitosan as an Advanced Healthcare Material 147
M.A. Jardine and S. Sayed 147
5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 Chemical Modification and Analysis 150
5.3 Chitosan Co-polymers 154
5.4 Nanoparticles 156
5.5 Nanofibres (Electrospinning) 158
5.6 Visualising Nanostructures 160
5.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan 163
5.8 Conclusion 175
References 175
6 Chitosan and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan: Biological and Biomedical Applications 183
Nazma N. Inamdar and Vishnukant Mourya
6.1 Introduction 184
6.2 Biodegradability of Chitin and Chitosan 184
6.3 Biocomapatibility and Toxicology of Chitin and Chitosan 186
6.4 Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent 187
6.5 Chitosan as Haemostatic Agent 196
6.6 Chitosan as Immunity Modulator 198
6.7 Chitosan as Adjuvant 202
6.8 Chitosan as Wound Healing Accelerator 203
6.9 Chitosan as Lipid Lowering Agent & Dietary Supplement in Aid of Weight Loss 211
6.10 Chitosan as Antioxidant 214
6.11 Conclusion 220
References 221
7 Anticipating Behaviour of Advanced Materials in Healthcare 243
Tanvir Arfin and Simin Fatma
7.1 Introduction 244
7.2 The Evolution of the Bio-advance Materials Fields 246
7.3 Evaluation in Humans 247
7.4 The Natural History of Diseases 248
7.5 Enzyme 249
7.6 Biosensor 259
7.7 Platinum Material Used in Medicine 267
7.8 Antibody 268
7.9 Antibody microarrays 275
7.10 Conclusion 278
References 279
Part 2: Innovative Biodevices 289
8 Label-Free Biochips 291
Anis N. Nordin
8.1 Introduction 291
8.2 Label-Free Analysis 292
8.3 Electrochemical Biosensors 293
8.4 Acoustic Wave-based Mass Sensors 297
8.5 Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensors 297
8.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Mass Sensors 300
8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 302
References 303
9 Polymer MEMS Sensors 305
V. Seena, Prasenjithn Ray, Prashanthi Kovur, Manoj Kandpal and V. Ramgopal Rao
9.1 Introduction 306
9.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Piezoresistive Microcantilever Sensors 309
9.3 Organic CantiFET 318
9.4 Polymer Microcantilever Sensors with Embedded Al-doped ZnO Transistor 324
9.5 Piezoelectric Nanocomposite (SU-8/ZNO) Thin Films Studies and Their Integration with Piezoelectric MEMS Devices 327
9.6 Polymer Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors for Detection of Explosives 334
References 337
10 Assembly of Polymers/Metal Nanoparticles and their Applications as Medical Devices 343
Magdalena Stevanovic
10.1 Introduction 344
10.2 Platinum Nanoparticles 346
10.3 Gold Nanoparticles 347
10.4 Silver Nanoparticles 350
10.5 Assembly of Polymers/Silver Nanoparticles 351
10.6 Conclusion 357
Acknowledgements 357
References 357
11 Combination of Molecular Imprinting and Nanotechnology: Beginning of a New Horizon 367
Rashmi Madhuri, Ekta Roy, Kritika Gupta and Prashant K. Sharma
11.1 Introduction 368
11.2 Classification of Imprinted Nanomaterials 374
11.3 Imprinted Materials at Nanoscale 412
11.4 Conclusions & Future Outlook 418
Acknowledgements 419
References 419
12 Prussian Blue and Analogues: Biosensing Applications in Health Care 423
Salazar P, Martin M, O'Neill RD, Lorenzo-Luis P, Roche R and González-Mora JL
12.1 Introduction 424
12.2 General Aspects of Prussian Blue and Other Hexacyanoferrates 426
12.3 Prussian Blue: Hydrogen Peroxide Electrocatalysis 428
12.4 Prussian Blue: Biosensor Applications 430
12.5 Prussian Blue: Immunosensor Applications 439
12.6 Conclusions 446
Acknowledgment 446
References 447
13 Efficiency of Biosensors as New Generation of Analytical Approaches at the Biochemical Diagnostics
of Diseases 451
N.F. Starodub and M. D. Melnychuk
13.1 Introduction 452
13.2 General Approaches for the Development of Optical Immune Biosensors 452
13.3 Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors Based on the Ion-sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) 471
13.4 Multi-parametrical Biosensors [49-51] 475
13.5 Modeling Selective Sites and their Application in the Sensory Technology 478
13.6 Conclusion 481
References 482
14 Nanoparticles: Scope in Drug Delivery 487
Megha Tanwar, Jaishree Meena and Laxman S. Meena
14.1 Introduction 488
14.2 Different Forms of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery 489
14.3 Tuberculosis Targeting Nanoparticles 493
14.4 Cancer & Tumor Targeting Nanoparticles 505
14.5 Conclusion 511
References 512
15 Smart Polypeptide Nanocarriers for Malignancy Therapeutics 523
Jianxun Ding, Di Li, Xiuli Zhuang and Xuesi Chen
15.1 Introduction 523
15.2 Smart Polypeptide Nanovehicles for Antitumor Drug Delivery 525
15.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 539
References 539
Index 547