I Structure.- 1. Structural Determination of Surfaces and Overlayers with Diffraction Methods (With 7 Figures).- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Surface Diffraction Kinematics.- 1.3 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED).- 1.4 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED).- 1.5 Photoelectron Diffraction.- 1.6 Glancing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction.- 1.7 Atomic-Beam Diffraction.- References.- 2. Defects at Surfaces (With 17 Figures).- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Systematic Description of Defects.- 2.3 Experimental Techniques.- 2.4 Schematic Description of Quantitative Evaluation.- 2.5 The Kinematic Approximation and Inclusion of Dynamic Effects.- 2.6 Instrumental Limitations.- 2.7 Examples.- 2.8 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Metal-Metal Superlattices (With 11 Figures).- 3.1 Introduction to Metal-Metal Superlattices.- 3.2 Preparation of Metallic Superlattices by Sputtering.- 3.3 Characterization.- 3.3.1 Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS).- 3.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction.- 3.3.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES).- 3.4 Summary.- References.- 4. Advances in Semiconductor Superlattices, Quantum Wells and Heterostructures.- 4.1 Superlattice Band Model and Experiment (1969-1972).- 4.2 Multibarrier Tunneling and Quantum Wells: Theory and Experiment (1973-1974).- 4.3 Optical Absorption for Quantum Wells and Superlattices (1974-1975).- 4.4 Raman Scattering (1976-1980).- 4.5 Modulation Doping (1978) and Subsequent Developments.- 4.6 Quantized Hall Effect (1980-1981) and Discovery of Fractional Filling (1982).- 4.7 Variety of Heterojunctions and Superlattices and Relevant Topics.- 4.8 In As-GaSb Superlattices (1977-1982) and Quantum Wells (1982-).- References.- Contributions.- Electronic Surface Transitions in Si(111)2 ×1 Studied by Polarized Light (With 2 Figures).- Short Range Bonding Interaction at Metal-Metal Interfaces (With 2 Figures).- II Lattice Dynamics.- 5. Phonons at Interfaces and Superlattices (With 8 Figures).- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Interface Lattice Dynamics.- 5.3 Dynamics of Superlattices.- 5.3.1 Compositional Superlattices.- 5.3.2 Doping Superlattices.- References.- 6. Pseudopotentials and Dynamical Properties of Metallic Surfaces (With 3 Figures).- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Total Energy.- 6.2.1 Bulk Case.- 6.2.2 Surface Case.- 6.3 Determination of the Selfconsistent Potential.- 6.4 Dynamical Matrix.- 6.5 Applications.- 6.6 Conclusions.- References.- 7. One-Phonon Scattering of He Atoms from the Ag (111) Surface (With 6 Figures).- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 DWBA Cross-Section.- 7.3 Atom-Surface Potential.- 7.4 Calculation for the (111) Surface.- References.- 8. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy for Metal Surfaces (With 9 Figures).- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Dipole Scattering.- 8.2.1 Dipole EELS in Nickel (111).- 8.2.2 Dipole EELS in Nickel (001).- 8.3 Impact Scattering.- References.- 9. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy of Surfaces and Absorbates (With 5 Figures).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy.- 9.3 Application to Oxidation Processes.- 9.4 Bonding of Hydrocarbons on Transition Metals.- 9.5 Surface Phonons.- References.- Contributions.- High Resolution Inelastic He-Atom Scattering from Crystal Surfaces (With 3 Figures).- Surface Lattice Dynamics of Ordered Overlayers on Metals.- Bulk and Surface Phonons in Superlattices.- III Phase Transitions.- 10. Surface Reconstruction Phase Transformations (With 17 Figures).- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Landau Theory of Structural Phase Transformations.- 10.2.1 Order-Disorder Transitions at Surfaces: Critical Exponents.- 10.2.2 Classification of the Au(110)(2 ×l) Order-Disorder Transition.- 10.2.3 Leed Spot-Profile Analysis of Au(110) (2 ×l) Phase Transition.- 10.2.4 X-Y Model with Cubic Anisotropy W(100)(?2×?2).- 10.3 Landau Theory of Incommensurate Surface Phases.- 10.3.1 'Soliton Superlattice' Structure of Incommensurate Phase.- 10.3.2 Incommensurate Phase Fluctuations.- 10.4 Related Systems.- 10.4.1 Au, Ir, pt(100) and Au (111) Reconstructed Surfaces.- 10.4.2 Semiconductor Reconstructed Surfaces.- References.- 11. Structural Phase Transitions on W and Mo Surfaces (With 1 Figure).- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Driving Mechanisms for the Structural Transition.- 11.3 Monte-Carlo Simulations of Model Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian.- 11.4 Effect of Adsorbate on the Transition.- 11.5 Soliton Picture for the Commensurate-Incommensurate Transition.- References.- Contributions.- Charge Density Waves in Layered Compounds (With 2 Figures).- Dynamics of Mismatched Overlayers (With 1 Figure).- IV Electronic States.- 12. Electronic Structure of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Superlattices.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Surfaces and Overlayers.- 12.2.1 Introduction.- 12.2.2 Local-Spin-Density-Functional (LSDF) Theory.- 12.2.3 Methodology and Approach.- 12.2.4 Surface and Interface Magnetism.- 12.2.4.1 Magnetism of Ni (OOl) and Fe (OOl).- 12.2.4.2 Interface Magnetism of Ag/Fe(001).- 12.2.4.3 Magnetism of the Ni/Cu Interface.- 12.2.5 Surface Multilayer Relexation: W(001).- 12.3 Metallic Superlattices.- 12.3.1 Introduction.- 12.3.2 Theoretical Approach.- 12.3.3 Results for NiCu and PdAu.- 12.3.3.1 CuNi.- 12.3.3.2 PdAu.- References.- 13. Electrons and Phonons in One and Two Dimensions in Semiconductor Structure (With 26 Figures).- Strong Localisation.- Weak Localisation.- Dimensionality Transitions in the Conductivity.- (a) 3D to 2D.- (b) 2D to 1D.- The Quantum Hall Effect.- References.- 14. RHEED and Photoemission Studies of Semiconductors Grown in-situ by MBE (With 20 Figures).- 14.1 Overview.- 14.2 Basis of Experimental Approach.- 14.2.1 Molecular Beam Epitaxy.- 14.2.2 Surface Reconstruction and RHEED.- 14.2.3 Angular Resolved Photoemission.- 14.3 The Growth Process.- 14.3.1 Growth Dynamics.- 14.3.2 Surface Stoichiometry and Reconstruction.- 14.3.3 Surface Morphology Effects.- 14.4 Electronic Surface Structure Determination.- 14.4.1 Identification of Surface and Bulk States.- 14.4.2 Bulk Valence Bands.- 14.4.3 Surface States: Energy Bands and Symmetries.- 14.4.4 Semiconductor Heterojunctions.- 14.5 Core Level Photoemission.- 14.5.1 Surface Chemistry.- 14.5.2 Heterojunctions.- References.- 15. Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces and Schottky Barriers (With 11 Figures).- 15.I Introduction.- 15.II Metal/Semiconductor Interface Reactions.- 15.III Metal/Si Interface Chemistry.- 15.III.A. Simple-Metal/Si and Noble-Metal/Si Interfaces.- 15.III.B. Transition-Metal/Si and Rare-Earth/Si Interfaces.- 15.III.C. Interfacial Silicide Formation.- 15.III.D. The Silicide/Si Interface.- 15.III.E. Low Temperature Interdiffusion.- 15.III.F. Influence of Interface Contamination.- 15.IV Metal/III-V Interface Chemistry.- 15.V The Schottky Barrier Problem.- 15.V.A. Defect Model.- 15.V.B. Chemical Bonding and Reaction.- 15.V.C. Inhomogeneity of Reaction Products.- 15.VI Microscopic Aspects of the Schottky Barrier.- References.- Contribution.- Catalytic Effect of Near-Noble Metals on Si Oxidation (With 2 Figures).- V Optical Properties.- 16. Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy of Layered Structures (With 1 Figure).- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Mathematical Considerations.- 16.3 Organic Thin Film Preparation.- 16.4 Infrared Spectroscopy of Thin Films.- 16.5 Raman Spectroscopy with Optical Guided Waves.- 16.6 Raman Scattering at an Surface by Surface Plasmons.- 16.7 Conclusion.- References.- 17. Brillouin Scattering in CaAs-Ga1 ?Alx As Superlattices (With 4 Figures).- 17.I Introduction.- 17.II Bulk Vibrations in GaAs-Ga1?xAlxAs Superlattices.- 17.II.A. General Features of the Phonon Dispersion Curves.- 17.II.B. The Theory of Elasticity and the Folding of the Longitudinal Branch.- 17.II.C. Light Scattering by the Modes of the Folded Acoustic Branch.- 17.III Brillouin Scattering by Rayleigh Surface Waves.- 17.III.A. Rayleigh Surface Wave Propagation.- 17.III.B. Experimental Results.- 17.IV. Conclusion.- References.- 18. Nonlinear Surface Polaritons (With 8 Figures).- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Nonlinear Single Interface Waves.- 18.3 A Film Bounded by Nonlinear Media.- 18.3.a. Bounding Media with Positive Nonlinearities.- 18.3.b. Bounding Media with Negative Nonlinearities.- 18.3.c. Bounding Media with Positive and Negative Nonlinearities.- 18.4 Experimental Verification.- 18.5 Discussion.- References.- 19. Surface Plasmon Emission as a Probe of Hot-Electron Dynamics (With 12 Figures).- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.II Light Emission from Tunnel Junctions.- 19.III Electron Injector Structures.- References.- 20. Spectroscopy of Two Dimensional Plasmas in Semiconductor Heterostructures (With 7 Figures).- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Light Scattering Spectroscopy.- 20.3 Optical Processes of 2D Plasma.- 20.4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Contribution.- Surface Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy.- VI Magnetic Properties.- 21. Surface Magnetism by Spin Polarized Electrons (With 1 Figure).- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Elastic Exchange Scattering of Electrons.- 21.3 Inelastic Exchange Scattering of Electrons.- 21.4 Spin Polarization of Auger-Electrons.- 21.5 Low-Energy Cascade and Threshold Photoelectrons.- 21.6 Conclusion.- References.- 22. Magnetism at Interfaces and Surfaces, as Probed by Neutron Scattering (With 7 Figures).- 22.1 Introduction. Why Neutrons?.- 22.2 Magnetic Superlattices.- 22.3 Magnetism at the Surface.- 22.4 Conclusions.- References.- Contribution.- Long Wavelength Bulk and Surface Spin Waves in Metallic Superlattices (With 1 Figure).- Index of Contributors.